Writing theory

Coherence is the logical development of the message. Cohesion concerns how the language connects its parts. Both depend on relationships that actually make sense.

Make the relationship before choosing a connector

Do not use “therefore” unless the next statement follows from the previous one. Do not add “moreover” before a sentence that changes the subject.

Reference can connect sentences naturally

“Many workers spend a substantial amount on commuting. This expense can discourage them from accepting jobs farther from home.”

“The library introduced evening sessions. These classes enabled residents with daytime jobs to attend.”

The references identify a clear idea. “This” on its own is sometimes enough, but a noun such as “expense” or “change” can remove ambiguity.

Avoid connector overload

Mechanical: “Firstly, buses are cheap. Moreover, buses are useful. Furthermore, buses help people. Therefore, buses are good.”

Developed: “Affordable buses can expand access to employment. Residents who cannot afford a car may be able to apply for jobs outside walking distance, provided the services operate at suitable times.”

The improved version explains the relationship rather than announcing one repeatedly.

Edit in four passes

1. Task: Did you answer every requested part or cover the visual's main features?
2. Logic: Does each paragraph have a purpose and connect to the answer?
3. Accuracy: Are the data, comparisons, and claims correct?
4. Language: Are sentence boundaries, verb forms, articles, word choices, and spelling controlled?

Under exam conditions, prioritise errors you can identify and fix confidently. Do not replace a clear sentence with an unfamiliar structure in the final seconds.

Keep an error log

Choose two recurring errors per practice cycle. Fixing a repeated problem is often more productive than collecting many new expressions.